Which cardiovascular risk factors are commonly associated with atrial fibrillation?

The association of hypertension, diabetes, heart failure, and prior stroke with atrial fibrillation is well established in clinical research. Each of these risk factors contributes to the structural and electrical remodeling of the heart, which can precipitate the development of atrial fibrillation.

Hypertension, for instance, increases the workload on the heart and can lead to left atrial enlargement and fibrosis, making the heart more susceptible to arrhythmias. Diabetes is known to be associated with increased inflammation and autonomic dysfunction, further complicating the risk of atrial fibrillation. Heart failure manifests with altered cardiac geometry and function, which is a significant risk factor for arrhythmias. Similarly, a history of a prior stroke indicates that an individual has already experienced a significant cardiovascular event, suggesting underlying atrial dysfunction that may lead to recurrent arrhythmias like atrial fibrillation.

The other options include factors that either do not significantly contribute to the risk of atrial fibrillation or represent generally healthy behaviors or traits. While high cholesterol, obesity, and smoking can influence cardiovascular health, they are less directly correlated with atrial fibrillation compared to the risk factors listed in the correct choice. Frequent exercise, a low sodium diet, and high fiber intake are beneficial lifestyle choices that